The Growth Of New Media

The Growth Of New Media News has seen many changes over the years newspaper to radio, radio to TV and now TV to web 2.0, an ever-changing and vast, floor for interactive news, views and content. No one can argue journalism, when practiced well, is of public value in a free and democratic society, it provides, entertainment, information and acts as a whistleblower on inequality and corruption within our countries and states. However, the field of journalism is currently under scrutiny, Hillel Nossek comments: It seems that the great threat facing journalism is de-professionalization, which means that everyone can be a journalist and nobody actually is one. (Nossek, 2009:358) In this essay I will try to weigh up the positive and negative impacts of news recent evolution to the internet. I will focus on the new ethics involved in such things as citizen journalism, the resulting Churnalism that has resulted from the speed and resourcefulness of web 2.0 ; weighing up the positive and negative impacts on journal ists and journalism as a whole. I The first point I would like to raise focuses on the idea of Citizen journalism and a paper written by Dr. Damien Tambini titled, Media Ethics in the New Media Landscape. The paper comments on a current debate revolving around the question: How is the rise of new media and online journalism affecting the traditional journalistic standards of objectivity, accuracy and verification? (Tambini 2010:1). In answer, he focuses around the ethics of so-called citizen journalism, and how this reflects upon the ethics, the rights and the privileges of professional journalists. Citizen journalism is a term used to describe bloggers and tweeters who, using investigative journalism mainly based on online research and second hand sources, break stories and news, using the internet. This is a change from the traditional, professional ethics to mixed media ethics. The stories these citizen journalists produce being from second hand sources are widely disregarded as inaccurate and therefore soil the reputation of the field of journalism, and its ethics. In an interview conducted in Changing Journalism the editor of a regional paper said: It irritates the hell out of me. Its not news. Its people wanting their five minutes of fame and its not accurate because they havent spoken to anybody (interview with Editor of a regional newspaper by Peter Lee-Wright 2008: 33). In response Bloggers argue that new media are developing their own ethical systems based on distributed intelligence and the wisdom of crowds. (Tambini, 2010:1) In a sense this point of view could argue citizen journalism could have a positive impact, as Rebillar and Taboul comment: views of the web 2.0 associate liberty, autonomy and horizontality (Rebillar and Taboul 2010:325) and I think this raises a good point how can you argue against more democracy, accuracy and equality? The Tambini paper also raises questions asking Are the newcomers also sharing the responsibilities? Are they obeying the rules, and sharing the costs of implementing them? (Tambini 2010: 4) He then points out citizen journalists are now getting access to protection of sources, freedom of expression and public interest defences. These were previously considered exclusive Lobby passes for Journalists. Because of the loss of the exclusivity in journalists rights and privileges, it puts into question the whole profession of journalism and what it means to be a journalist and I refer back to the Nossek comment in my intro, that in theory anybody can be a journalist. This would argue a strong case for the de-professionalization of journalists and would infer that changes in social and economical changes to the field are affecting the occupation of professional journalists, but not the ethics of the field itself. Even so, Nick Couldry did a survey in 2010 finds little evidence for what he calls writer-gatherers muscling in on professional space. On the other hand, Tambini expresses this still worries journalists, simply because journalists seem to say the citizen journalists constantly flout the ethical rules in place, in the race to the bottom. The lack of communication with original sources and huge inaccuracies are bound to come about within this tussle for speed, and this would have a negative effect on the ethics of reporting of news online. Journalists also argue that this is in turn putting more pressure on journalists to rush stories and take less care in sourcing stories and policing conflicts of interest, (Tambini, 2010: 1) creating what author Nick Davies describes as Churnalism. II This Churnalism is the concept the second part of my essay will focus on. Churnalism is a word invented by Nick Davies. In his book Flat Earth News. It describes a hugely negative impact of new media, journalistic practices. Davies explains: Journalists are pumping out stories without checking them stories which then circle the planet. And so now, in a way that was not true in the past, mass media are not merely prone to occasional error but constitutionally and constantly vulnerable to being infected with falsehood, distortion and propaganda (Davies, 2009: 51). He explains the introduction of the internet has led to information being sent around the globe at unprecedented levels. Shown in incidents such as The millennium bug where he explains The ethic of honesty has been overwhelmed by the mass production of ignorance. (Davies 2009: 28) The result is a decline in journalistic quality due to the way news rooms have become News factories, pumping out stories not properly sourced, checked and constantly recycled. He describes a young reporter writing in the British Journalism review in 2004 explaining: Of all the impressions I had of the professionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ relying on telephone interviews and the internet for so much written work was not one of them (Davies 2009: 55). Reliance on the internet as a saver of time and money Davies argues is a big contributor to Churnalism. However, evidence has been found of other people within the field, in particular editors, who have taken a more nuanced view to new media: I wade through the rubbish eve ry day, but then I think that some of the most exciting stuff I read is online and through blogs and all of that. So I would want journalists to get excited about it rather than being defensive about it (Interview with a Section editor, national newspaper by Peter Lee-Wright 2008:33). These conflicting views have sparked much debate within news rooms. Even though the question still stands to the effect of new media within the newsroom, Davies extensive research into Churnalism has found its effects to be quite devastating, in regards to wider journalism. As part of his research into Churnalism Davies also investigated news stories running in four of the most prestigious daily newspapers: The Times The Guardian The Independent and The daily Telegraph. He commissioned a group of specialist researchers who, tracked over 2,207 incoming news stories and where possible tracked backwards to find their source material. They found quite astounding results. 60% of these stories came direct from wire copy and/or PR material, with another 12% simply containing elements of the same, 8% source material they were unsure about and only 12% of stories was sourced by the journalists themselves. They also found that a staggering 70% of them passed to print without any corroboration at all (Davies 2009: 52). This is clear proof of Davies Churnalism and the implications of this show an image of news as a pawn of PR scams instead of a voice on behalf of the people and democracy. Clearly, this depicts a rather appalling prospect for journalisms future. Flat Earth News also raises the issue the internet has created a growing demand for immediacy and the negative effects this has had on new media. He refers to Pete Clifton ex-head of the BBCs News interactive who was quoted saying: Our site came on top with a load time of 0.85 secs to beat the likes of ITV and Sky (1.63 secs). (Davies, 2009: 70) Davies goes on to expand on this clash of traditional journalism and the new high speed Churnalism, using the example of the official BBC guide which is given to all staff on News interactive. Which on one hand urges: Your story must be accurate, impartial, balanced and uphold the values of BBC newsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Never publish anything that you do not understand, that is speculation or inadequately sourced and then in complete contradiction: Get the story up as fast as you canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ We encourage a sense of urgency we want to be first (Davies 2009: 70) It then gives a five minute target for breaking news. This is clearly an impossib le task for any journalist. Time constraints have also been made harder by declining staff and lack of ground-up resources, which are rampant throughout the newsrooms. This is due partly to the free cost of internet news and internets ability to put fewer limitations on what a single journalist can do. Contradictions such as this create huge difficulties between the mediums of traditional journalism and new media ethics. III Even So, many can see the positive impacts of new media practices such as fast breaking news. In this part of the essay I will try to explain the positive impacts the web has had on journalism. Firstly, Anna Mainwaring is a producer in the BBC News UGC (User generated content) hub who describes it as a revolution in News gathering. In an interview conducted in Changing Journalism Mainwaring commented: Instead of teams going out to get stories, stories are coming to us, on a story the year before about a number of young males being stabbed in London she says: In the old days, we would have sent a team of hacks to doorstep, knock on doorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Now we sit in the newsroom and the girlfriend has already contacted the BBC message board. Weve got her e-mail. A journalist phones and interviews her and shes on air in minutesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The speed is phenomenal (Anna Mainwaring, interview conducted by Peter Lee-Wright 2009: 34) This is a great example of how the speed and the vast networking capabilities of the internet have increased speed output and accuracy of stories, two very important principles for traditional journalism. Also, there is a theory that even the publics supposedly damaging, inaccurate, publish first-correct later (Tambini 2010) attitude, could have a positive impact revolving around the idea of networked journalism. A new concept Charlie Beckett argues is fundamental to new medias compatibility with modern journalism. He argues that To retain value journalism must engage with the public. It must shift power from the newsroom to the connected online and digital world. It must become networked. (Beckett, 2008) This theory depicts, that the rise of the internet could see a of return of Habermas public sphere, whereby the users can immediately pick up on inaccuracies in stories and report them back and discuss, through active reception and living response (Williams, 1983: 304). This could have a very strong positive outcome for the ethics of journalism, democracy and national and international development. It also takes power away from big international news agencies and who are more recentl y regarded as biased and greedy monopolies of news output. The introduction of internet technology has also increased dissemination, as stories can reach huge audiences across the globe at no extra cost. This is good news for the newspaper companies and journalists alike as Jeff Jarvis argues in his book What Would Google Do?: Google allows people to find stories that, in the old days they wouldnt have seen. (J. Jarvis 2009: 124) this has proved true in the coverage of a number of significant events the so-called Green revolution on the streets of Tehrans streets after the 2009 presidential election and the 2007 monks saffron rebellion in Burma. This is a positive outcome of modern media ethics and is an important development to keep in mind in terms of the future of new media ethics. Increases in other technologies such as camera phones and digital cameras are also increasing user generated content and journalists possibilities for capturing news. The subtlety of camera phones and the decreased size in reporting equipment and a visible crew, with up to twenty large silver boxes of equipment, has given journalists and their producers increased flexibility. A good example is in the Zimbabwe 2008 elections whereby all journalists were banned from reporting within the country. As Robin Elias managing editor of ITN says in N.Fentons New Media, old news: We actually presented an evening new programme from the centre of Harare, during the crackdown, during the election, when we werent allowed in there let alone to broadcast out of it and we broadcast over a garden wall over a BGAN mobile phone, a satellite phone and it sort of dawned on everybodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that theres virtually nowhere in the world thats inaccessible now (Robin Elias, interview conducted by Peter L ee-Wright, 2010: 72). Other examples include the tidal disaster in Japan in 2011 where the internet was swamped with a multitude of videos of the disaster. The combination of modern technologies such as email, mobile phones, digital cameras and easily accessible editing software coupled with sites like Youtube, Twitter and other blog sites; add to more variety and a much more diverse media landscape, changing the way we now absorb our news. It also reinforces this idea that many networked contributions towards coverage of breaking news is hugely beneficial to new media ethics. In conclusion: In May 2011 the number of internet users worldwide reached over 2billion (internetworldstats.com). The Guardians online readership now exceeds 30million compared to only 300,000 print readers. The undeniable pressures of the web have put journalisms and more importantly journalists position, into very turbulent disrepute. The editors have had to adapt in a time when news is free and news can be taken from other organisations without paying for it. The pressure has, in turn landed on the journalists, expecting them to use newer technologies to churn out more content with less time. The digital revolution has also given ordinary citizens the tools to contribute UGC and interact with journalists and stories. A strong negative impact of the web is that Smaller to medium sized print firms are either dying or have died as a result of the rise of the internet, as adaptation has become increasingly difficult. This is due to advertisement becoming the main source of income for all news outlet s and advertisers at the same time that advertising firms are sweeping onto the next big website to catch its much larger readership. Also other technological advances such as the kindle and Guardian Apps on smart phones are leaving newspapers business models in constant limbo. It seems to me that the future of online journalism is unclear and we can only sit back and put any positive or negative implications into context. The positive implications of the web, if properly channelled, are an exciting prospect in favour of democracy and challenging dominant forces. It does however have seem to have had a rather negative impact on professional journalists themselves, whos roles are now challenged from many, many angles.

Unilever Business Manual

Also the organization has set objectives that needs to be achieved. Goals of Milliner (termed â€Å"The compass Milliner strategy for sustainable growth†): ; This clearly outlines their vision for the future where their brands and services will be used all over the world thereby doubling the size of Milliner ; Decreasing damage caused to the environment and impacting society positively. Another aspect of this also includes improvement in the way of life of people in areas such as health, food, annotation, and opportunities within societies ; Combining its multinational competence with Milliner's strong relationship in various cultures to provide a wide range of products to satisfy a range of users and also building strong relationships in new markets which will be of significance in the future growth of Milliner. ; â€Å"Achieving significant growth objectives while decoupling growth from environmental and increasing our positive social impact is a bold but challenging vision † Milliner 1 CEO Paul Pullman.Milliner's mission can be put into key points: Proving a daily better future for all. ; Helping personal image with Milliner's brands and services ; To be an inspiration in taking action to benefit the world ; Doubling the size of its business ; Developing its products further to work towards its goal of doubling the size of its business ; Limiting environmental impact through innovation and developing effective and efficient ways to reach people Primary and Secondary goals On 1 5th November 2010 Milliner announced its plans of sustainability by or before 2020.These goals include: Acquiring 100% of its agricultural raw materials from sustainable sources. ; Improving hygiene for one million people in Asia, Africa, and Latin America through the usage of ‘lifebuoy' soap thereby reducing diarrhea which is a large cause of infant mortality. ; Making safe water available though their low-cost water purifier called Purest which is produced in India and distributed to a half billion people across the world. ; Improving the living conditions of people in developing countries by collaborating with organizations such as Oxford.

Beloved on Slavery

In regards to the novel Beloved Toni Morrison says, â€Å"[The novel] can†t be driven by slavery. It has to be the interior life of some people, a small group of people, and everything that they do is impacted on by the horror of slavery, but they are also people. † Critics argue that the novel is driven by slavery and that the interior life of the protagonists is secondary. This is true because most of the major events in the story relate to some type of slavery. The slavery that drives the novel does not have to be strictly physical slavery. Morrison†s characters are slaves physically and mentally. Although they are former slaves, they are forever trapped by horrible memories. The type of slavery the novel initially depicts does not correspond to what really happened to slaves in the 1800s. At Sweet Home, Mr. and Mrs. Garner treated their slaves like real people. Mr. Garner is proud of his slaves and treats them like men, not animals. . . . they were Sweet Home men — the ones Mr. Garner bragged about while other farmers shook their heads in warning at the phrase. [He said,] â€Å". . . my niggers is men every one of em. Bought em thataway, raised em thataway. Men every one. â€Å"1 The things that occurred at Sweet Home while Mr. Garner is alive are rather conservative compared to what slaves actually suffered during this time period. Under the management of schoolteacher, things change dramatically. He turns Sweet Home into a real slave plantation. He treats and refers to the slaves as animals. He is responsible for the horrible memories embedded in Sethe and Paul D. Sethe feels the impact of slavery to its fullest extent. Slavery pushes her to kill her baby daughter. She feels that is the only way to protect her beloved daughter from the pain and suffering she would endure if she became a slave. The minute she sees schoolteachers hat, Sethe†s first instinct is to protect her children. Knowing that slave catchers will do anything to bring back fugitive slaves and that dead slaves are not worth anything, Sethe took matters into her own hands. On page 164 Sethe says, â€Å"I stopped him. I took and put my babies where they†d be safe. † Paul D asks, â€Å"How? Your boys gone you don†t know where. One girl dead, the other won†t leave the yard. How did it work? â€Å"They ain†t at Sweet Home. Schoolteacher ain†t got em,† replies Sethe. This one incident does not only affect Sethe, but it changes things for Beloved and Denver as well. Beloved loses her life to slavery. Her own mother sacrifices her existence in order to keep her out of slavery. As for Denver, she is indirectly affected by the horrors of slavery. She has to put up with living in a haunted house because her mother refuses to run away again. On page 15 Sethe says, â€Å"I got a tree on my back and a haint in my house, and nothing in between but the daughter I am holding in my arms. No more running — from nothing. I will never run from another thing on this earth. † Sethe becomes a slave again when she realizes who Beloved really is. She feels indebted to Beloved for taking her life. In an effort to gain forgiveness, Sethe decides to focus all her energy on pleasing Beloved. When once or twice Sethe tried to assert herself — be the unquestioned mother whose word was law and who knew what was best — Beloved slammed things, wiped the table clean of plates, threw salt on the floor, broke a windowpane. †¦ Nobody said, You raise your hand to me and I will knock you into the middle of next week. †¦ No, no. They mended the plates, swept the salt, and little by little it dawned on Denver that if Sethe didn†t wake up one morning and pick up a knife, Beloved might. 2 Then there†s Paul D, who replaces his â€Å"red heart† with a tin tobacco box. He refuses to love anything strongly and establish long term relationships because he is still hurting from losing his brothers and friends to schoolteacher. Schoolteacher also takes his pride and manhood away by forcing him to wear a bit. Paul D compares himself to a chicken. On page 72 he says, â€Å"But wasn†t no way I†d ever be Paul D again, living or dead. Schoolteacherchanged me. I was something else and that something else was less than a chicken sitting in the sun on a tub. † As a member of the chain gang he suffers another type of slavery because he is both a prisoner and a sexual servant. Even after he escapes and is a free man, Paul D is still a slave. He is a slave to his memory. Having been through so many horrible events, he has trouble finding happiness again. In her novel, Morrison uses the phrase, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another. † This applies to each and every one of her characters. Sethe will always be haunted by the memory of killing her own flesh and blood. It will be a long time until Paul D is ready to turn his tin box back into a red heart. While Denver finally ventures out of 124, she is not going to forget being shunned by the community and being held captive by her own house. As for Beloved, she is her own slave. Her constant dependency on Sethe makes her weak. Beloved needs to free herself from Sethe. Though it is hard, she needs to accept what has happened and move on. Beloved is about a group of people and how they deal with life†s hardships. Many issues in the story deal with control. There is a constant struggle for power throughout the novel. Each character fights to free him/herself from something or someone. The major theme in the story is freedom and how to acquire it. The critics are correct in saying that the novel is primarily about slavery, but they should mention that slavery means more than just being an indentured servant.

Urban Design Profiles - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2168 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Management Essay Level High school Tags: Profile Essay Did you like this example? Abstract How is an urban designer defined? Recently the role of the urban designer has become distinguished from the architect or planner as urban design has taken a very important role in public space. The approach of the urban designer has thus changed to think holistically, where the focus has shifted to creating public spaces that increase the capacity to support equitable and well-designed environments. The comparison and contrast between two design professionals will help to better understand the role of the urban designer: Le Corbusier, who is a more traditional urban designer, and Katherine Darnstadt a non-traditional urban designer who is practicing in Chicago Illinois. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Urban Design Profiles" essay for you Create order We will specifically look at the comparison of their design approach, how the designer intends their project for public use, and also how their work has impacted society. The study of these two designers will begin to re-frame the role of the urban designer. Katherine Darnstadt Katherine Darnstadt is a young practicing architect in Chicago Illionis who has begun to re-define urban design. She has taken a very humble approach to the design of public space in an effort to support equitable spaces for communities. The American Institute of Architects called Darnstadt a shining example of the next generations citizen-architect (Fixsen, 2015). She is the current and managing principal of Latent Design, a small architecture practice that was conceived in the wake of the 2008 great recession. Katherine, who had just been laid off, a newly wed, and also pregnant, thought that having a small architecture firm would keep her afloat through the economic down turn, of which it did (Fixsen, 2015). She has now been recognized by the AIA from the Young architect of the year award in 2014 and has also been distinguished on the 40 under 40 list in the Chicago Business Journal. Her firm works at the intersection of design and community development in order to create social, economic and environmental impact (Latent, 2017). Katherine Darnstadt has begun to re-define the role of the urban designer and there contribution to society. Her firm utilizes the skills of architects, product designers, graphic designers, and also construction managers becoming a collective group working toward the better design of cities. She stated in an interview with architectural record Design can validate initiatives and ideas. And it can highlight where policies and systems are failing, we design for gaps (Fixsen, 2015). Katherine believes that architecture can extend beyond buildings and that the true design of our urban environments is the space between here or there (Darnstadt, 2014). She sees the scrapes left-over in the urban environment by in-effective systems are the most crucial part of communities, in which these spaces become a the common thread. She also believes that by making design visible we can begin to change the perception of our communities. Stated in her TED X talk; Design in the foil of our cities and it reflects the latent condition of our environments (Darnstadt, 2014). She goes on to include that when designing spaces we must understand the context before we can move forward (Darnstadt, 2014). By understand the inequities within the space we can begin to make informed decisions about the design. Additionally design then becomes a verb or action, in which new systems of architecture can reverse the inequities the existing framework or systems. The work created by Katherine Darnstadt and her associates at latent design epitomize urban design, as they work to reinvigorate underutilized public spaces and combat the prevalent issues of our society and communities. One project that exemplifies these ideals and that is literally designed between the gaps is the Boombox. The Boombox takes on the typology of a micro-store that looks to make accessible storefront space for small businesses that is also cost effective (Rodkin, 2018). This allows smaller businesses to sell their products in prime storefront locations that were previously seen as inaccessible based on economic feasibility. The reason that the Boombox is able to bridge this gap is based on its sized and flexibility to accommodate multiple vendors and locations. It utilizes the structure of a storage container to create a climate controlled volume which increases ease of transportation (Rodkin, 2018). Furthermore the micro-store creates economic diversity because the sp ace its utilized by smaller businesses, which in turn also creates stability within the Chicago economic market (Rodkin, 2018). The new urban design typology created by Katherine and her teams has challenged the conventional store typology, creating an equitable solution for small business growth and diversity in Chicago. Project Boombox is a small portion of the continuing project called Activate Chicago. Activate Chicago is an ongoing program, in partnership with Latent design and the Chicago department of transportation, to create events with the city of Chicago to increase community and economic engagement in underutilized public space (Activate). The majority of the public sites have ended up in the possession of the Chicago department of transportation when streets were added to the grid and other were closed and most spaces receive little to no activity (Byrne 2017). Project activate usually introduces events as design completions that target these un-used public space in an attempt to beautify or solve existing community problems. In 2012 the competition yielded a vertical play structure and garden that integrated into a part of larger housing development garden (Latent, 2017). Another competition in 2014 created a temporary installation in the community of Pilsen, set forth by Jameson Skaife and Eric Koffler the design unitlized seating elements in a larger mural (latent, 2017). The initiative set by Katherine and hers associates in an attempt to create community engagement through activation of city space is key example of why she is a perfect example of an urban designer. Le Corbusier Le Corbusier whos original name was Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, is characterized usually as an architect, urban planner, and artist. He was one of the most influential designers of architecture and urban design in the modernist period. His conception of the raumplan and architectural manifesto have completely changed the way buildings are designed and constructed today (Boesiger Girsberger, 1999, pp. 14-15). His works ranging from Villa Savoye to Unite Habitation have been extensively studied and have also influenced the minds of many decades of designers. Additionally his master planning of urban cities pushed the boundaries of innovation in his attempts to design the future and increase the quality of life for people in urban spaces. Le Corbusiers principals of urban design encouraged the quality life, especially for the working class, this can be seen in his voisin plan of paris or in Unite Habitation (Scully, 1969 pp 167-168). Le Corbusiers fundamental ideas towards urban designer include the decongestion of the downtown or center of cities, the increase densification of living, the increased capacity of circulation and the increased area of landscaped spaces (Boesiger Girsberger, 1999, pp. 316-317). His principals and urban planning proposals also challenged the classism structure of urban cities and instead tried to adopt a system that was based on family size (Boesiger Girsberger, 1999, pp. 316-317). These designer principals are most evident is the Corbusiers plan of 3 million people in 1922, in which the urban design of an ideal city is expressed (Boesiger Girsberger, 1999, pp. 316-317). Corbusier was headed to a new ideal city that reduced the cluster of tightly packed urban fabric and instead opened the organization to alleviate the confines from the urban fabric. His urban design introduced ideas of biophilia and encouraged the dissociation of the automobile before this was popular. High densi ty living eradicated urban sprawl and reduced commuting distances to and from the city. One of Le Corbusiers famous urban designer proposals was that of the Radiant City or la Ville Radieuse. The designed was very forward thinking for 1935 in which he proposed that all the building in his plan be lifted off the ground to allow for one hundred percent of the ground area to be utilized by the public (Boesiger Girsberger, 1999, pp. 332). His radiant city strove to create a complete disconnect with the pedestrian the automobile in to increase human health and safety. Additionally the density of living unites or unites and skyscrapers would be increased and the compact density of streets and corridors would be widen to allow for external green space for recreation and non-congested circulation (Boesiger Girsberger, 1999, pp. 332). I figure printed in 1935 shows the density of the Radiant city in comparison to New York, Paris and Buenos Aires, all of which completely succumb to the openness of the Corbusiers plan (Boesiger Girsberger, 1999, pp. 332). Large scale models were produced in order for people really understand the gravity of the proposal. The principals and ideas of the radiant city soon took on reality when in 1952 Corbusier began to design and plan the city of Chandigarh in India. The small city, was planned as a horizontal city, with the majority of its main buildings made of concrete and unitizing a brise soleil along the elevations to combat the hot and humid summers (Boesiger Girsberger, 1999, pp. 197). The plan of the Chandigarh created much open space to allow for further expansion of the city as Corbusier anticipated the event of sprawl, due to the automobile and Indias inadequate transportation infrastructure (Boesiger Girsberger, 1999, pp. 197). The most monumental piece of design within Chandigarh is that of the esplanade which connects parliament to high court (Boesiger Girsberger, 1999, pp. 229). This corridor give the formalistic gesture of the design principals used in the creation of Chandigarh; the modulor, the harmonic spiral, the daily path, the jeu di soleil, the open hand, etc. (Boesiger Gir sberger, 1999, pp. 229). This traditional and formalistic gesturers give the unknown preseption of urban design. Identification of Correlating and Dissimilar Ideals Le Corbusier and Katherine Darnstadt are both very similar urban designers in the sense that they both respond to the delinquencies of society through design. Their responses are very different and are determinate of time period and stylistic approach. For instance in the 1930s when the radiant city was conceived the idea of large skyscrapers blocking out the sun was a concern to many urban dwellers. Hence the reason why Corbusiers design of increased dwelling density and widen circulation corridors. However Corbusier was also looking ahead to other issue of urban cities including the circulation of the automobile, urban sprawl and access to public green space, all of which are main problems that our society faces today. Much of Corbusiers work has been a response to these concerns; Katherines work is also a response to economic and social inequality in our current society. The Boombox is a response to an inequity of public space use and also an economy that doesnt support small busi ness. Katherine approach to allocating flexible micro-stores for small business creates a more diverse economy and utilizes otherwise unused public space. The approach used by Le Corbusier and Katherine Darnstadt in response to society is much different from a stylistic perspective. Corbusier is very formalistic in his design, as shown in the design of Chandigarh, India we can see how his abstraction of principals superimposed onto the esplanade is his way of communicating his response. Katherine, on the other hand has a very functional and also humble approach to design. In her ted talk, she stated that have a building to call her own design was not important, rather she is more interested in the impact that her design has made. Between both urban designers however you can see functional design; we can see this in Corbusier principals of universal design and his extensive use of concrete. Katherines use of recycled materials like storage containers as a means of structure for the Boombox gives a functional approach to here design. Corbusier and Katherine are both interested in creating positive change through innovative design. Both designers have created new typologies of urban design to radically change and promote positive health in urban dwellings. For Kathrine it is seen as being a societal equity of urban space while, Corbusiers was looking to create new ideas for urban principals for cities through his urban planning proposals. Katherine and Corbusier are both generalized as architects because of their professional practice. Corbusier is seen a more traditional designer, because of his design approach and traditional practice within architecture firms. However Katherine is seen more as a non-traditional urban designer because of her involvement with new building typologies and humble approach to design. References Activate! Chicago. (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2018, from https://www.activate-chi.org/ Boesiger, W., Girsberger, H. (1999). Le Corbusier 1910-65. Basel: Birkh user. Byrne, J. (2017, March 03). Emanuels people plazas program struggling to achieve liftoff. Retrieved October 14, 2018, from https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/politics/ct-rahm-emanuel-people-plazas-met-20170226-story.html Darnstadt, K. (2014, December 12). Interstitial Systems. Retrieved October 14, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aj1PcU4GhNU (posted by TED) Fixsen, A. (2017, March 03). Katherine Darnstadt. Retrieved October 14, 2018, from https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/12321-katherine-darnstadt?v=preview Latent Design Corporation. (2017). Latent Design. Retrieved October 14, 2018, from https://www.latentdesign.net/ Rodkin, D. (2018, June 07). How one architect is helping neighborhood startups open their first shops. Retrieved October 14, 2018, from https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20180607/ISSUE01/180609908/architect-darnstadt-turns-shipping-containers-into-micro-stores Scully, V. J. (1969). American architecture and urbanism. New York: Trinity University Press. doi:70-76793